Canadian Immunization Guide: Part 1. Benefits of immunization. Immunization is one of the most important accomplishments in public health that has, over the past 5. Today, although these disease causing bacteria and viruses still exist, such diseases are rarely seen in Canada. However, if the current vaccination programs were reduced or stopped, diseases controlled through immunization would re- appear in Canada. This phenomenon has been observed in other countries where large epidemics occurred following a decline in immunization rates, resulting in many preventable hospitalizations and deaths. Immunization is important in all stages of life. Infants and young children are particularly susceptible to vaccine preventable diseases because their immune systems are less mature and therefore less able to fight infection; as a result, they require timely immunization. Older children and adults also require immunization to restore waning immunity and to build new immunity against diseases that are more common in adults. Immunization directly protects individuals who receive vaccines. Through community (or herd)immunity, immunization against many diseases also prevents the spread of infection in the community and indirectly protects: newborns who have not yet received all of their vaccinespeople who cannot be vaccinated for medical reasons, such as people who had an organ transplant or are undergoing treatment for cancer or other illnessespeople who may not adequately respond to immunization such as the elderly. Impact of vaccines on vaccine preventable diseases. Table 1, Figure 1, Figure 2, and Figure 3 illustrate the impact of vaccines on infectious diseases in Canada. Refer to the vaccine- specific chapters in Part 4 for additional information about the success of immunization programs against specific vaccine preventable diseases. All other data from the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Return to footnote 1 referrer. Table 1 - Footnote 2. CDC's Yellow Fever Vaccine Safety (YFVS) Working Group case definition* for yellow fever vaccine-associated neurologic disease (YEL-AND). Five years preceding vaccine introduction. Return to footnote 2 referrer. Table 1 - Footnote 3. Children less than 5 years of age. Return to footnote 3 referrer. Table 1 - Footnote 4. Reported cases of newly diagnosed HBV infection per 1. Combines acute, chronic and unspecified HBV infections. Return to footnote 4 referrer. Table 1 - Footnote 5. Reported cases of newly diagnosed HBV infection in 1. Return to footnote 5 referrer. Table 1 - Footnote 6. Reported cases of newly diagnosed HBV infection per 1. Combines acute, chronic and unspecified HBV infections. Update: Vaccine Side Effects, Adverse Reactions, Contraindications, and Precautions Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP). WELCOME TO VACCINE AWARENESS NETWORK Updated 1 September 2016 Vaccines And How They Are Made The chemicals that go into vaccination, includes info on expanded vaccine. Do vaccines actually contain aborted human fetal tissue? It seems the majority of pro-vaccine advocates in the community don’t realize, or have purposefully ignored. A vaccine is a biological preparation that provides active acquired immunity to a particular disease. A vaccine typically contains an agent that resembles a disease. Return to footnote 6 referrer. Table 1 - Footnote 7. Reported cases of newly diagnosed HBV infection in 2. Return to footnote 7 referrer. Table 1 - Footnote 8. In 2. 01. 1, a large outbreak of measles occurred in Quebec; a total of 7. Does our government respect human life the way it claims to do? And being a soldier is no deterrent. Ignore for a moment the lies surrounding 9-11, TWA 800.Canada. Excluding 2. Return to footnote 8 referrer. Table 1 - Footnote 9. Per 1. 00,0. 00 live births. Return to footnote 9 referrer. Abbreviations: CRS = congenital rubella syndrome HB = hepatitis B. Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b. IPV = inactivated poliomyelitis vaccine Diphtheria. Infection of the throat causes severe breathing difficulty which may result in asphyxia. Infection also results in the dissemination of diphtheria toxin, which damages the heart and central nervous system. In the pre- vaccine era case fatality was about 5% to 1. Diphtheria toxoid introduced in 1. Routine infant immunization since 1. National notifiable diseases reporting began in 1. Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) invasive disease (in children less than 5 years of age,this infection can cause otitis media, meningitis, epiglottitis, bacteremia, cellulitis, pneumonia or septic arthritis in young children. The case fatality rate of meningitis is about 5%. Severe neurologic sequelae occur in 1. Vaccines first introduced in 1. Conjugate vaccine introduced in 1. Routine infant immunization since 1. National notifiable disease reporting of all invasive Hib disease began in 1. Table 1 - Footnote 3. Table 1 - Footnote 3. Hepatitis B (HB)Infection in approximately 3 to 1. Universal HB immunization for adolescents implemented in the early- to mid- 1. National notifiable disease reporting of HB infection began in 1. Table 1 - Footnote 4. Table 1 - Footnote 5. Table 1 - Footnote 6. Table 1 - Footnote 7. Measles. Bronchopneumonia and otitis media occur in about 1/1. Case fatality rate is 1 to 2 per 1,0. Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis is a rare but fatal complication. Live vaccine authorized in 1. Universal immunization program implemented in 1. National notifiable diseases reporting began in 1. Table 1 - Footnote 8. Table 1 - Footnote 8. Meningococcal serogroup C invasive disease. Invasive meningococcal disease most often results in meningitis or septicemia. Severe cases can result in delirium and coma and, if untreated, shock and death. The case fatality rate is 1. Polysaccharide vaccines first introduced in Canada in 1. Routine infant or toddler immunization programs using conjugate vaccine introduced across Canada between 2. National notifiable disease reporting began in 1. Mumps. Acute parotitis develops in 4. Complications include orchitis (2. Rarely, mumps can cause permanent infertility. Vaccine authorized in 1. Universal immunization program implemented in 1. National notifiable disease reporting began in 1. Pertussis. Young infantsare most affected by complications, such as vomiting after a coughing spell, weight loss, breathing problems, choking spells, pneumonia, convulsions, encephalopathy, and, death. Older children and adults may develop persistent cough. Whole cell pertussis vaccine authorized in 1. Acellular pertussis vaccine replaced whole cell pertussis vaccine in 1. Adolescent and adult acellular vaccine formulation authorized in 1. National notifiable disease reporting began in 1. Poliomyelitis Paralysis occurs in less than 1% of infections but among those paralyzed, about 2% to 5% of children and 1. Inactivated polio (IPV) vaccine authorized in 1. Oral polio vaccine authorized in 1. Canada until 1. 99. IPV vaccine used primarily from 1. Rubella and congenital rubella syndrome (CRS)Although rubella is generally a mild disease, encephalitis occurs in 1/6,0. However, rubella infection in pregnancy can cause (CRS). Infection in the first 1. CRS. CRS can result in miscarriage, stillbirth and fetal malformations (congenital heart disease, cataracts, deafness and mental retardation). Rubella vaccine introduced 1. Universal immunization program implemented in 1. National notifiable disease reporting began in 1. National notifiable diseases reporting of CRS began in 1. Rubella: 1. 95. 0- 1. CRS: 1. 97. 9- 1. Tetanus. Infection leads to general rigidity, and convulsive spasms, with death in about 1. Higher rates of death occur among infants. Tetanus toxoid introduced in 1. National notifiable diseases reporting began in 1. Figure 1: Haemophilus influenzae type b disease - reported number of cases. Footnote 1 and incidence rates, Canada, 1. Footnote 2. Figure 1 - Footnote 1 Case data obtained from the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System. Population data obtained from Statistics Canada July 1st annual estimates. Data for 2. 00. 9 and 2. Return to footnote 1 referrer. Figure 1 - Footnote 2. Only Hib meningitis was reportable from 1. Subsequently, all invasive disease caused by Hib became reportable. Return to footnote 2 referrer. Figure 1 - Footnote 3. PRP- D is the Hib conjugate vaccine containing purified polyribosylribitol phosphate capsular polysaccharide of Hib covalently bound to diphtheria protein. PRP- D vaccine was authorized in 1. Return to footnote 3 referrer. Abbreviations. Hib = Haemophilus influenzae type b PRP- D = Hib conjugate vaccine containing purified polyribosylribitol phosphate capsular polysaccharide of Hib covalently bound to diphtheria protein. Haemophilus influenzae type b disease - reported number of cases. Footnote 1 and incidence rates, Canada, 1. Footnote 2 - Text Equivalent. This image is a histogram showing the reported number of cases of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in Canada over time. A superimposed graph shows the incidence rates of Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) in Canada over time. The x axis represents the time between 1. The y axis on the left represents the reported number of cases starting from 0 at the bottom to 1. The y axis on the right represents incidence rates per 1. The bars represent the reported number of cases and the blue line shows the Hib incidence rate. In 1. 97. 9, the reported number of Hib meningitis cases was 2. The Hib meningitis cases steadily escalated to about 5. The reported number of invasive Hib cases hit a peak of almost 9. The PRP- D was introduced in 1. Footnote 3. According to a note at the bottom of the histogram, PRP- D is the Hib conjugate vaccine containing purified polyribosylribitol phosphate capsular polysaccharide of Hib covalently bound to diphtheria protein. The reported number of cases sharply declined to about 5. The number remained stable around that level until 2. The incidence rate of Hib was close to 1 per 1. All invasive disease caused by Hib reached an incidence rate of 2. By the time the Hib conjugate vaccine PRP- D was introduced in 1. The peak incidence rate of all invasive disease caused by Hib in Canada was about 3. Since then, the incidence declined sharply and steadily over the years. The rate was about 1 in 1. The rate fell close to 0. By 2. 01. 0, the incidence was no more than 0. A note at the bottom of the table indicates that case data have been . After this, all invasive disease caused by Hib became reportable. The bigger graph shows the trends in diphtheria incidence over the years, with x axis representing time in years between 1. The y axis represents rate per 1. The graph showing the incidence rates has an orange line inside representing the trends since 1. Although it declined to about 7. It is apparent that the introduction of diphtheria toxoid in 1. The rate fell to less than 2. Another peak of about 3. Although the rate continued to fluctuate around 2. The rate of incidence continues to remain around 0 until 1.
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